Daga Dr. Bashir Abusabe
Cigaba daga makon jiya
Tarihi ya nuna cewa ko da hada-hadar dab’i da rubuce-rubuce ta kankama daga }arni na 15 da na 16 akwai ire-iren wa]annan ayyuka masu arha, yawancinsu sun fita kasuwa ne daga }arni na 17 da na 18 a Ingila, an nuna cewa sun kai }ololuwa ne a shekarar 1775, ta yadda ake samar da littattafai sama da 200,000 a kowace shekara.
Wa]annan littattafai sun taimaka wajen raya ayyukan adabin Ingila a wancan lokaci, sun sanya son karatu ga wa]anda ba su yi nisa a karatun ba, ko suka yi karatun suka watsar daga baya. Yawancin wadannan littattafai ba su da yawan shafi, ba a yi musu bugun }warai, sa’annan ana sayar da su da arha, daga wannan titi zuwa wancan, a maimakon wuraren da aka tanada domin sayar da gangariyar adabi. Domin ganin yadda wannan fasali ya kasance, bari mu dubi yadda na zamanin Elizabeth ya kasance a Ingila.
Adabin Kasuwar Sarauniya Elizabeth A Ingila Da yake mun ga yadda wannan adabi ya kasance da kuma tasirin da ya yi tsakanin al’umma a Ingila, zai dace a nan mu fa]a]a kan wannan batu domin mu ga yadda fasalin adabin kasuwar ya kansance ta hanyar bayar da misalai. Da yake tun da farko mun yi nuni da cewa harkar ta adabin kasuwa ta samo tushe ne daga Ingila, ya dace mu fahimci yadda al’amarin ya kasance, kafin mu shiga wasu sassan na duniya mu ga su kuma irin nasu fasalin.
Daga nazarin da aka yi an fahimci cewa akwai bambance-bambancen da aka samu a tsawon zamanin aikin adabin Ingilishi, tunanin farko dai ya fara ne daga `yan Sukotlan ba daga Ingila ba, shi wannan adabin ne ya ci gaba da watayawa a tsakanin }arni na goma sha biyar zuwa farko, da tsakiyar }arni na goma sha shida. Wannan ne ya samar da gagarumin aikin Tottel a shekarar 1557.
Shi dai wannan littafin ya shahara ne saboda dalilai da dama; Na farko dai abin da ya fi jan hankalin sababbin makaranta a wannan lokacin shi ne mafi yawan abin da littafin ya kunsa abu ne wanda ba a san da shi ba ba, haka kuma akwai hasashe ba ya}ini ba a cikin labarin, wanda kuma wannan shi ya fi burge masu karatun ayyukan adabin wannan lokacin, ba kamar ayyukan wasu da suka wallafa ba wadanda ko dai sun mutu ko kuma sun da]e }warai da yin rubutun, (Saintsbury,1920).
Wannan zamani na Sarauniya Elizabeth kamar yadda muka yi bayani akwai aikin manyan masana a kasar Ingila, kamar fitaccen marubucin nan na wasan kwaikwayo, Christopher Marlowe da marubuta wa}o}i irin su Edmund Spenser, da kuma shahararrun masana kimiyya irin Francis Bacon. Marubuta da dama na wannan lokacin sun ji da]in yadda `yan majalisar Sarauniya ke amsar su in sun kai ziyara, duk da cewa suna daga cikin talakawa, (Saintsbury, 1920). Wannan kuwa ya faru ne domin tun farkon mulkin Sarauniya Elizabeth, ita ta kasance tamkar Uwar }ungiyar, kuma mai bada taimako ga marubuta labaran wasan kwaikwayo, kai har aiwatar da wasan kwaikwayon ake yi a gabanta.
A shekarun 1560 aka fitar da wasan Kwaikwayo na Blank ~erse Tragedies, wanda za a iya cewa shi ne ya bu]e }ofa wurin samuwar kimiyyar wasan kwaikwayon da ake nazari har zuwa yau. A shekarar 1568 ne aka aiwatar da wasan kwaikwayon a gaban sarauniya a bisa dandamali.
Irin yadda aka samar da litattafai da ayyukan adabin Elizabeth ya taimaka }warai wurin ceton adabin Ingilishi daga shiga cikin ha]ari na kwasar ayyukan da ‘yan kasuwa suke yi, wa]anda kuma ake samarwa da tsada.
Misali, a lokacin da Tottel ya fiddo littafin shi na Miscellany ba dukkan mawallafa na lokacin suka san da wannan hanyar ta fiddo da littafin kai tsaye ba, wato ba tare da an mi}a shi ga masu wallafar zamani ba, (Saintsbury,1920).
Ta ~angaren rubutun zube ma, lokacin mulkin sarauniya Elizabeth ya samu tagomashi sosai, saboda a lokacin ne aka samu ayyukan adabi wadanda suka yi tashe ko kuma suka zama na yayi, domin a lokacin malaman da ke koyarwa a Jami`ar Kambirij (Cambridge) sun taimaka }warai da gaske wurin samar da ayyukan masana irin su Ascham da Wilson, da sauransu ta fuskar zube. Duk da cewar akwai ayyukan magabata irin su Thomas Hoby, amma dai za a iya cewa Roger Ascham shi ne ya fara bude fagen da littafinsa To]ophilus da ya rubuta aka kuma wallafa shi a shekarar 1545, amma dai littafinsa da ya fi tashe, wato Schoolmaster bai fito ba sai bayan da ya mutu, (Saintsbury,1920). Shi dai Ascham fitacce, kuma shahararren malami ne domin har sarauniyar Ingilar ma sai da ya koyar da ita a makaranta. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, Adabin Elizabeth na Ingila ya ratsa zangunan mabambanta.
Misali, mun dai ga cewar akwai ayyukan adabi da aka yi kafin lokacin Elizabeth din kamar na su Thomas More wanda ya yi rubuce-rubuce, musamman na wa}o}i da kuma Wyatt da sauransu. Ko a lokacin mulkin Sarauniya Elizabeth din ma, ayyukan adabi da suka fi tashe su ne wa}o}i da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma }agaggun labaran, amma dai masu sarrafa wa}o}in da wasan kwaikwayo sun fi yawa da tashe, wato kamar masana irin su Edmund Spenser da sauransu, (Saintsbury,1920).
A ~angaren wasan kwaikwayo da }agaggun labarai kuwa dole ne masana irin su Shakespeare su shige gaba, sannan ga Marlowe wanda za}a}uri ne, wanda ayyukansa suka yi tashe, ga kuma Ben Jonson wanda ya kwaikwayi ayyukan magabatansa, ya samar da nasa. Ta ~angaren }agaggun labarai kuwa akwai marubuta irin su Philip Sidney da Richard Hakluyt da Francis Bacon da sauransu da dama.
Daga wannan takaitaccen bayani mun fahimci cewa a kasar Ingila ne aka samar da wannan fasali na adabin jama’a ko na kasuwa, mun dai fahimci cewa irin wannan adabi na yayi ko kasuwa ya wanzu tsakanin karni na 16 da na 17 lokacin da adabin sarauniya Elizabeth ya yi tashe tsakanin shekarar 1558 zuwa 1603. Shi dai adabin Elizabeth ba yana nufin ita Sarauniyar ce ta wallafa ko buga shi ba (kodayake ita ma ta jefo wakokinta da aka karanta, musamman On Monsiuer’s Departure), sai dai ana iya cewa a lokacin mulkinta ne aka samar da yawancin ayyukan adabin da ake wa lakabi da na yayi ko kasuwa, duk kuwa da cewa ayyuka ne na }warai.
Abin da ya sa wannan gangariyar adabi ya kasance adabin kasuwa shi ne ya samu kar~uwa a hannun yawancin jama’ar Ingila a cikin kankanen lokaci. Duk da cewa akwai }agaggun labarai cikinsa, abin da ya fi yin tashe shi ne wasan kwaikwayo da wa}o}i. Adabin Elizabeth ya somo ne daga zamanin su Tottel da suka wanzu da wa}o}insu zuwa masu tsara labarai na zamanin Caroline, (Saintsbury,1920).
Ba wani abu ya sanya wannan zamani ya kasance na ayyukan adabin al’umma ba sai ganin manyan mashahuran marubutan da suka yi tashe a wancan zamani sun wanzu ne a lokacin, kuma har yau suna tashe a fagen nazari da sharhi. Akwai marubuta ayyukan adabi da suka hada da William Shakespeare da Christopher Marlowe da Ben Johnson da Edmund Spencer da John Fletcher da Thomas Kyd da Thomas Middleton da Thomas Nashe da John Webster da John Donne da Philip Sidney da sauransu, duk a wannan zamani suka wanzu.
An kira wadannan mutane da ayyukan adabinsu a matsayin na yayi a wancan lokaci, saboda sun kasance mutane ne ko kuma ayyukansu da jama’a ke rububi. Sa’annan kuma yawancin ayyukan nasu kwafe-kwafe ne ko dai daga wasu can da aka yi a baya da suka shahara ko kuma tsakanin marubutan wannan zamani.
Misali, Thomas Kyd da aikinsa na The Spanish Tragedy, shi ya ba Shakespeare hasken rubuta Hamlet, ba kuma nan ka]ai Shakespeare ya tsaya ba, ya shiga cikin taskar tarihin zamanin da, da kuma zamanin da ya rayu ya kwafo abubuwan da suka taimaka ya gina nasa adabin. Bincike ya nuna cewa wa}o}in Sonnet da Thomas Wyatt ya }addamar su ne kuma Shakespeare da wasu na zamaninsa suka ci gaba da tallatawa, kuma sun ja ra’ayin Thomas Campion wanda ya rubuce su a takarda, aka shiga rububinsu a gidajen al’ummar wancan zamani.
Kenan ba kamar yadda ake tunani ba, yawancin ayyukan adabin zamanin Sarauniya Elizabeth ta 1, ba wai rashin kyau ko ma’ana ko kuma rashin goyon bayan hukuma ba ne matsalar da ta sa aka kira su na yayi, ba kuma domin ana rubutun domin talakawa ba ne ka]ai, sai dai domin yanayin samuwarsu, wato yadda jama’a ke ta wawason su da kuma shiga cikin harkar saye da karantawa da rubutawa, ciki har da masu gari, Sarauniya.
Babban abin da ya fi fito wa fili game da wannan zamani shi ne yadda gamade da kwashe-kwashen ayyukan wasu ke taimakawa wajen gina sabon adabin da ya burge al’ummar wancan zamani. Saboda haka, daga abin da aka tattaro dangane da adabin Sarauniya Elizabeth na Ingila mu iya cewa mafi yawan ayyukan adabi na kwarai, an samar da su ne a wannan lokaci, cikin wa]annan shekarun ne aka samar da rubuce-rubucen adabi, musamman abin da ya shafi zane da wa}o}i, da wasan kwaikwayo da sauransu.
Za mu cigaba a mako na gaba in sha Allahu
