Daga Ibrahim Sabo,
Fasaha ta gaba da ya kamata mu sani ita ce ‘Quantum computer’ Wannan kai tsaye ba za mu iya ce mata fasaha ba, sai dai ‘cigaba a tarihin computer’. Wato a tarihin gina computer (generation of computer) ya kasance tun daga generation na farko (1940) lokacin da ake amfani da ‘bacuum tube’, generation na biyu aka yi amfani da ‘transistors’, na uku aka yi amfani da ‘integrated circuit’, na hudu wanda muke a yanzu muke amfani da ‘microprocessor’, na biyar wanda muka fara amfani da shi kuma har zuwa nan gaba shi ne ‘artificial intelligence’ sai kuma na shida na gaba wanda duniya take tunanin cewa shi ne zai zama ‘Quantum computers’ wanda dukkaninsu suna aiki ne wajen processing din data.
Wato a kowane lokaci ana samun ci gaba wajen gina computers da za su dace da zamani, wadanda za su iya kawo tsaruka kala-kala domin biyawa mutum bukatunsa cikin sauki. A irin wannan hali yasa fasahar ‘Artificial Intelligence’ ta shigo cikin computer domin saukakawa wajen gudanar da ayyuka. To yanzu kuma computers din da suke shirin kasantuwa a duniya sune ‘Quantum computers’ a matsayin ‘sidth generation of computer’.
WADANNE IRIN NA’URORI NE QUANTUM COMPUTERS?
Wato domin mu fahimci menene ‘Quantum computer’ dole sai mun koma ‘Quantum physics’, ko kuma ka ce ‘Quantum mechanics’, wanda a takaice shi ne wani bangare na kimiyya wanda yake la’akari da karantar asali, wanzuwa, da nau’i na ‘smallest particles of matter’ da karfinsu (energy) da suka hadu suka samar da ‘atom’. Wannan fanni ne da yake da sarkakiyar gaske. Fanni ne da ya hada da chemistry, modern physics, da kuma wani fanni na cosmology domin gane hakikanin da kuma asalin wannan ‘tiniest ball of matter’ din da ta yi sanadiyyar samuwar/wanzuwar kaunu (idan muka koma nazariyyar Big Bang).
Fannin ‘Quantum physics’ yana amfani wajen karantar da kananun abubuwa wadanda za mu iya ce musu ‘particles of matter’ da karfin su (energy) domin samun ilimin da za a iya amfani da su wa fannoninmu na rayuwar yau da kullum. Misali mu dauki yadda kankantar zirin haske yake (photon) musamman na ‘D-ray’ ta yadda yake iya ratsa abu (body penetration) domin hasken ya shiga ya binciko wani abu. Ta dalilin haka a yau a kan iya amfani da ‘camera’, ‘remote control’ ko kuma a ce ‘electromagnetic wabes’ wanda ya ta’allaka ne ga ‘particles of matter’ din ne. Sannan a yau duniya ta ci gaba da ta kan iya amfani da ‘laser light’ a matsayin makami. Shekarun baya akwai wata kasa da tayi wani babban ‘laser weapon’ da yake ratsa abu ya fasa shi duk girmansa. Irin wannan ya nuna a yau muna bukatar ilimin ‘Quantum physics’ domin sanin yadda wadannan ‘particles’ din da suka samar da ‘atom’ din shi kansa.
To kamar yadda muka sani a yanzu ‘classical computers’ namu suna storing data da 0’s and 1’s, wanda hakan ya zama cewa abu biyu ne kawai computer; YES or NO, TRUE or FALSE, ON or OFF, duk da hakan ba karamin ci gaba bane amma an samu nakasu wajen processing abu ta yadda ta ke amfani da ‘sekuential paradigm’ a maimakon ‘synchronization’ duk da la’akari da irin saurin (speed) din da ta samu a yau amma hakan bai sa ta kai ‘supercomputer’ ba. Wato computer a yanzu tana processing abubuwa ne daya bayan daya (sekuantially) daga wannan step din zuwa nedt, sai dai saboda yanayin saurinta yasa ba a cika ganewa ba sai kaga kamar a kai daya ta ke yin komai. To ‘Quantum computer’ kuma za tayi processing data a kai daya, za tayi storing din data da ‘Quantum bits’ (kubits) ne (particles of matter) wanda wasu suna tsammanin za ta kore amfani da 0’s and 1’s ne amma kuma kai tsaye ba haka bane. Za tayi aiki da ‘smallest particles of matter’ wajen ‘storing data’ din, amma sai dai wani abu mafi muhimmanci shi ne samun ‘neutral body’ da za tayi wanda ake kira ‘superposition’. Shi wannan zai kasance ne a tsakanin 0 da 1, ta yadda zai zama na uku (neutral body) wajen processing data domin kawo sauki wajen saurin computer da kuma yin aiki a kai daya (simultaneously).
Akwai wasu muhimman abubuwa da ya kamata mu sani game da ‘Quantum computers’ wadanda suka hada da:
Na farko, ‘Quantum computers’ za sufi ‘classical computers’ namu sauri (speed) sau sama da miliyoyi wanda amfaninsu zai kasance wa kamfanoni ne kamar finance industry, military, pharmaceuticals da sauransu.
Abu na biyu ga wadannan computers din bayan ‘speed’ shi ne warware matsala cikin kankanin lokaci da inda a ‘classical computer’ ne ta kan iya daukarta shekaru da dama kamar mathematical problems.
Abu na uku, shi ne processing large amount of data cikin sauki. A yau duniyar internet a cike take da data kuma kullum karuwa suke yi. Samun saukin yadda za a adana bayanan nan su iya kasancewa cikin karamin ma’adana, kamar yanzu memory card yakan iya zama 32GB, 50GB da sauransu, wanda a da girman data storage 1MB ya kai girman computer desktop, to samun sauki a wannan shi ne kokarin da bangaren ‘Big Data’ yake yi. ‘Quantum computer’ za ta taimaka matuka a bangaren Big Data domin processing, manipulating din large amounts of data cikin kankanin lokaci.
Na hudu, shi ne bangaren tsaro. Wato bypass decryption din encrypted data a Quantum computer abu ne da zai yi matukar wahala. Fannin cryptology shi ne karantar yadda za a yi breaking din tsaron na’ura da kuma data. Cryptologists da suka kware a wannan fannin sukan iya hada tsaro kuma suyi breaking din wani tsaron. Ta kan iya yiyuwa Quantum computer ta zo da sabon tsarin da hatta cryptologists din sai sun sha matukar wahala kafin su gano yadda za su yi breaking tsaronta, sai dai kuma ba wani tsaro ne da ita ba a hannun masana Quantum physics da suka san lagon tsaro.
A yanzu kamfanin IBM shi ne wanda ya yi fice wajen sanar da cewa yana samun nasarar kirkirar Quantum computer duk da ma kamfanin Google ya sanar da cewa ya gina Quantum computer da tafi duk wata computer ta yanzu a kamfanin a sauri sau sama da miliyan dari. Sauran kamfanonin akwai Microsoft, Alibaba, HP, Toshiba da sauransu.
