Kasashen Da Mata Ba Su Taba Mulki Ba A Tarihi

Tun daga shekaru 100 da suka gabata ne mata suka kasance suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban siyasa, inda zuwa yanzu sun samu damar kada kuri’a da lashe zabukan majalisa kusan a dukkan kasashen.

Sai dai har yanzu ana ganin wakilcin na mata bai kai yadda ake bukata ba a manyan ofisoshi.

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Ga wasu muhimman bayanai game da mata a siyasa.

1. Mata suna da ‘yancin kada kuri’a a kusan ko’ina

Kafin karni na 20, mata kadan ne suke da ikon kada kuri’a, amma a karshen karnin, an samu gagarumin sauyi, inda ya zama mata kadan ne ba su da wannan damar.

Kasashe da dama sun bi sahu a wannan karnin, inda Saudiyya ta zama ta baya-bayan nan, wajen ba mata ‘yancin kada kuri’a a kananan zabukan kasar a shekarar 2015. (Ba su yin zaben shugaban kasa a Saudiyya.)

A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wannan ya sa yanzu mata a kowace kasa suna da ‘yancin yin zabe.

Sai dai Afghanistan a karkashin mulkin Taliban, ta mayar da hannun agogo baya wajen kwace wa mata hakkin zabe.

“Matan Afghanistan sun samu damar kada kuri’a ne kimanin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, amma yanzu a karkashin mulkin Taliban, an cire a tsarin dimokuradiya,” in ji tsagin mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sashen da aka ware domin karfafa gwiwar mata.

Zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, su kansu maza ba duka suke da ‘yancin zabe ba, amma ‘yancin mazan ya kara fadada, mata da dama sun kasance an ware su. Kasar New Zealand ce ta shige gaba wajen fara ba mata cikakken ‘yancin kada kuri’a a shekarar 1893. (Duk da cewa tana karkashin mulkin Birtaniya, amma tana da tsarin mulkinta.)

Lokacin da aka fara Yakin Duniya na biyu, maza suna da ‘yancin kada kuri’a a daya bisa ukun kasashn duniya, amma mata na da daya bisa shida ne, kamar yadda gidauniyar Bastian Herre, wadda ke aiki a karkashin Global Change Data Lab a Burtaniya ta bayyana.

A kasashen Afirka da dama, an fara bai wa mata ‘yancin zabe ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai. A wasu kasashen kuma, hana mata yin zaben ya dauki dogon lokaci: Mata bakaken fata da dama (har da mazan ma) a Amurka ba su samu ‘yancin yin zabe ba sai a shekarar 1965, sannan sai a shekarar 1971 ne aka bai wa mata ‘yancin kada kuri’a a babban zaben kasar Switzerland.

Sai dai samun ‘yancin kada kuri’a a rubuce daban yake da amfani da ‘yancin.

“A wasu kasashen ko yankuna, mata suna da ‘yancin kada kuri’a, amma ba a bari suna yin zaben saboda wasu al’adu da fargabar cin zarafi da rikce-rikice a akwatunan zabe, da kuma matsin lamba,” kamar yadda wata gidauniya ta World Population Rebiew ta bayyana.

A yanzu dai Masar tana da wata ka’ida ta bukatar mata su nuna shaidar katin zama cikakkun yan kasa ko wani katin hukuma kafin kada kuri’a.

Sai dai gidauniyar ta kara da cewa ko matan sun yi, katin suna zama ne a hannun mazansu, wadanda su ne suke amincewa matan su yi zaben ko kada su yi.

2. A kasashe uku ne kawai mata suke da rinjaye a majalisa

Har zuwa farko-farkon karni na 20, ba a amincewa da mata su shiga majalisar kasa, kamar yadda kungiyar Democracy project (B-Dem) ta Sweden ta bayyana.

Kasar Finland ce ta farko a kasashen duniya da aka zabi mace a babbar majalisar kasar a shekarar 1907.

A duniya, damawa da mata a siyasa na karuwa a hankali, amma lamarin ya fi fadada daga karshe-karshen karni na 20 zuwa karni na 21.

A shekarar 2008, majalisar Rwanda ta zama ta farko a duniya da mata suka kasance mafiya rinjaye.

A yanzu dai kasashe uku ne kacal cikin kasashen da ke cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya – Rwanda da Cuba da Nicaragua – da mata suke da rinjaye a majalisunsu, da sama da kashi 50, kamar yadda gidauniyar Women Power Inded ta bayyana.

A cewar kididdigar, wasu kasashen guda uku – Medico da Andorra da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa – suna da daidai-wa-daidai ne a majalisunsu tsakanin mata da maza.

“Daga cikin wadannan kasashen guda shida, a kasashe biyar akwai dokar karfafa gwiwar mata su shiga siyasa,” in ji Noël James na cibiyar CFR. Cuba ce kawai ba ta da dokar.

A cewar James, Rwanda ta samu wannan nasarar ce bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a shekarar 1994 lokacin da ya zama mata sun fi yawa a kasar, kuma aka saka su a shirye-shiryen sake gina kasar. Tabbatar da ilimi a kasar ga mata ya taimaka wajen samun wannan nasarar, in ji James.

A Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa akwai dokar da ta ce dole mata su kasance kashi 50, rabi su zama zabbbu, rabin kuma wadanda aka nada.

Sashen mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce mata da suke da burin shiga takarar siyasa suna fuskantar kalubale a kasashe da dama.

Jam’iyyun siyasa ba su cika tsayar da mata takara ba, in ji hukumar. Ta kuma ce mata ba sa samun damar samun “tallafin kudade da goyon bayan ‘yan siyasa.”

A yanzu haka, kasashe takwas babu mata a majalisunsu baki daya: Afghanistan da Azerbaijan da Saudiyya da Hungary da Papua New Guinea da Banuatu da Yemen da kuma Tubalu.

3. Kasashen da mata ke mulki ba su kai kashi 15 ba

Zuwa ranar 1 ga Disamban 2024, kasashe 26 cikin 193 ne suke karkashin shugabancin mata, wanda ya zama kashi 15 a duniya, kamar yadda kididdigar Women’s Power Inded.

Sannan kasashe 15 ne kawai da mata suke da kashi 50 ko sama da haka na mukaman siyasa.

4. Tun a shekarar 1946, kasashe 80 ne mata suka yi mulki

Tun a shekarar 1946, kasashe 80 ne -kimanin kashi 40 – mata suka yi shugaban kasa, kamar yadda kididdigar Women’s Power Inded.

Yawanci mata ne da suka gaji mulki, har zuwa lokacin da Sirimabo Bandaranaike na kasar Sri Lanka ta zama zababbiyar firaminista a 1960.

Sai dai duk da haka, maza sun ninninka mata a manyan mukamai.

Abin da ya sa ake bukatar mata su shiga siyasa

Bincike ya nuna cewa shiga ana damawa da mata a siyasa yana kawo ci gaba sosai. A shekarar 2021, Jami’ar Colorado Bouder ya nuna cewa idan mata suka samu dama wajen hada dokoki, kasashe suna kara zuba kudi a ilimi da kiwon lafiya.

Haka kuma a shekarar 2020, wani binciken Jami’ar Cambridge ya alakanta karuwar mata a harkokin siyasa saboda kara inganta harkokin kiwon lafiya da raguwar mutuwar mata da ‘ya’ya wajen haihuwa.

Sannan a shekarar 2019, masu bincike a Jami’ar Curtin da ke Australia, sun gano cewa majalisun da mata suke da yawa sun fi yin dokoki masu yaki da sauyin yanayi.

Sai dai kuma, James daga gidauniyar CFR na Women Power Inded, ta yi gargadin cewa zaben matan a madafun iko ba wai yana nufin tabbaci ba ne a kan samun wadannan nasarorin.

Mun ciro muku daga BBC Hausa