Tafkin dutse mai aman wuta wani tafki ne da ke cikin wani rami da ake samu daga fashe-fashe ko kuma rugujewar wuta a lokacin tashin aman wuta.
Tafkunan da ke cikin Calderas sun cika manyan ramuka da aka samu sakamakon rugujewar wani dutse mai aman wuta a lokacin da wani ya tashi. Tafkunan da ke cikin maars sun cika matsakaitan ramuka inda fashewar ta taso da tarkace a kusa da wani huci.
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Tafkuna suna tasowa yayin da aka samu bakin rami, a cikin ramin, ruwa ya cika ruwan na iya fitowa daga hazo, zagayawar ruwan na kasa (sau da yawa ruwan zafi mai zafi a yanayin ramukan bolcanic) ya kan narkar da kankara.
Matsayinsa yana tashi har sai ya kai ma’auni tsakanin adadin ruwan da ke shigowa da fita. Tushen asarar ruwa guda daya ko tare na iya hadawa da kazantar kasa, barkewar kasa, da kuma, a wurare, digon kasa ko ambaliya lokacin da matakin tafkin ya kai mafi kaskanci a gefensa.
A irin wannan wurin sirdi, babban bangaren tafkin yana kunshe ne kawai da dam din dutsen da ke kusa da shi; ci gaba da yabo ta hanyar ko fita daga saman dam din na iya lalata kayan da ke cikinsa, don haka rage matakin tabkin har sai an kafa wani sabon daidaito na kwararar ruwa, zaizayewa, da juriyar dutse.
Idan bangaren dam din dutsen mai aman wuta ya lalace da sauri ko kuma ya gaza ta hanyar bala’i, abin da ya faru yana haifar da fashewa ko fashe ambaliya. Tare da canje-canje a yanayin muhalli na tsawon lokaci, faruwar irin wannan ambaliya ya zama ruwan dare ga kowane nau’in dam na halitta.
Tafkin Toba, Indonesia, babban tafkin dutsen mai aman wuta a duniya
Wani sanannen tafkin rafi, wanda ke da suna iri daya da fasalin yanayin kasa, shi ne tafkin Crater a Oregon. Yana cikin kalandar na Dutsen Mazama. Shi ne tafki mafi zurfi a Amurka tare da zurfin 594 metres (1,949 ft). Kogin Crater ana ciyar da shi ne kawai ta hanyar ruwan sama da dusar kankara, ba tare da shigowa ko fita a saman ba, don haka yana daya daga cikin tafkuna mafi tsabta a duniya.
Dutsen dutse mafi girma a duniya, 6,893-m (22,615-ft) Ojos del Salado a Chile, yana da tafki na dindindin kamar 100 metres (330 ft) a diamita a tsayin 6,390 metres (20,965 ft) a gefen gabas. Watakila wannan shi ne tafki mafi girma a kowane irin yanayi a duniya.
Saboda yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali, wasu tafkunan ramuka suna wanzuwa na dan lokaci. Tafkunan Caldera da bambanci na iya zama babba kuma mai dorewa. Misali, tafkin Toba ( Indonesiya ) ya samo asali ne bayan fashewar sa kimanin shekaru 75,000 da suka wuce.
A kusa 100 kilometres (62 mi) ta 30 kilometres (19 mi) a tsayi da 505 metres (1,657 ft) zurfi a zurfin zurfinsa, Lake Toba shine mafi girman tafkin rafi a duniya.
Hadari:
Duk da yake yawancin tafkunan ramuka suna da kyau, kuma suna iya zama masu mutuwa. Iskar gas da ke fitowa daga tafkin Nyos a ( Kamaru ) yana shakatar da mutane 1,800 a 1986, kuma tafkunan ramuka irin su Dutsen Ruapehu (New Zealand) suna yawan taimakawa wajen lalata lahar.
Banbance-bance daga saura tafkuna Bolcanic
Wasu idanun ruwa, ko da yake samuwarsu na da alaka kai tsaye da ayyukan bolcanic, yawanci ana kiransu tafkunan ramuka, gami da:
Tafkunan da madatsun ruwa masu aman wuta suka haifar saboda laka da ke gudana a wajen ginin dutsen mai aman wuta (kamar tafkin Garibaldi a Kanada, Tafkunan Fuji biyar a Japan)
Rufe lagoons na atoll (kamar Clipperton lagoon), wanda tsarin samuwarsa shima yana nuna hanyoyin biogeomorphologic na gaba.
Tafkunan da aka ci karo da su a kasan magudanan ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin magudanan ruwa masu aman wuta a cikin mahallin dutsen mai aman wuta, amma ba a cikin ginin dutsen mai aman wuta ba (kamar Trou de Fer a tsibirin Réunion).
Tokar Dutse Mai Aman Wuta
Tokar dutse mai aman wuta wato ‘bolcanic eruption’ wani babbake daga dutse, ma’adanai, da kuma bolcanic gilashi, halitta a lokacin bolcanic eruptions da kuma aunawa kasa da 2 mm (0,079 inci) a diamita.
Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar tokar aman wuta sau da yawa don nufin duk samfuran fashewar abubuwa (wanda ake kira tephra ), gami da barbashi mafi girma fiye da 2 mm. An samar da tokar kankara yayin fashewar dutsen mai fashewa lokacin da iskar gas a cikin magma ta fadada kuma ta tsere cikin yanayi ta fadada kuma ta tsere cikin yanayi.
Karfin gas din ya farfasa magma kuma ya tura shi cikin sararin samaniya.
