Batun juyin mulki a nahiyar Afirka, wani al’amari ne mai dadadden tarihi. Sama da shekaru 70 da suka gabata ne wannan nahiya da muke ciki ta fara yin tozali da juyin mulki iri daban-daban. Abin da ake nufi da juyin mulki, rabe-rabensa, musabbabin afkuwarsa da kuma kauce wa faruwarsa, kusan su ne batutuwan da za mu tattauna a wannan mako, in sha Allah.
A wannan nahiya tamu ta Afirka, an fara gudanar da yuyin mulki ne shekaru 73 da suka gabata a yankin Afirka ta Arewa, cikin shekarar 1952, a Kasar Misra (Egypt). Gungun wasu sojoji karkashin jagorancin Manjo Jamal Abdul Nasir ne suka aiwatar da juyin mulkin: daga cikin ‘yan tawagarsa; akwai mutane irin su AbdulHakim Amir da Anwar Sadat da Kamaluddeen Muhiyiddeen da sauransu. Gabanin wannan juyi, Kasar Misra na karkashin mulki ne irin na Masarauta, wanda Sarki Farouk na daya ke jagoranta. A karshen lamarin ne, Sarkin ya tsere Kasar Italiya a matsayin gudun hijira, aka damka mulkin tafiyar da kasar a hannun Janaral Muhammad Naguib.
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Daga yankin Afirka ta Arewa (North Africa), a matsayin bigiren farko da aka fara girke fandishon na juyin mulki a nahiyar Afirka (African Continent), za a samu cewa; yankin Gabashin Afirka (East Africa) ne ya biyo baya, gabanin yankinmu na yammacin Afirka (West Africa). Shekaru biyar kacal da wancan juyi na Misra, sai Kasar Sudan ta amsa kira, ma’ana, sai aka sake tafka wani juyin mulkin a cikin kasar, a shekarar 1958. Kamar yadda tarihi ya hakaitar, shekaru biyu kacal da samun ‘yancin-kan kasar ta Sudan ne aka hambarar da gwamnatin farar hular kasar, wanda firaminista AbdallaH Khalil ke jagoranta. Bayan juyin, Janar Ibrahim Abboud ne ya dare bisa kujerar mulkar kasar.
Da za a dawo wannan nahiya tamu ta Afirka ta yamma kuwa, sai a samu cewa; an fara aiwatar da juyin mulki ne a can Kasar Togo, daga can ne kuma sai ya gangaro zuwa Kasarmu Nijeriya. Cikin shekarar 1963 ne wasu kananan sojoji karkashin jagorancin Saja Etienne, wanda daga bisani ake kira da Eyadema suka hambarar da gwamnatin Sylbanus Olympio a Kasar Togon. Jini ya zuba a juyin mulkin, tun da hatta shugaban kasar ya sheka barzahu, wato an kashe shi ne murus!!!.
Bayan Kasar Togo a nahiyar Afirka ta yamma, kasa ta gaba da ta amshi goron gayyata na juyin mulkin hannu-bibiyu ita ce, Kasar Nijeriya, inda aka samu tsiran shekaru uku kacal a tsakanin juyin mulkin biyu (na Togo da na Nijeriya). Sai dai, shi ma juyin mulkin na Nijeriya, an yi shi ne jina-jina, inda aka kashe firaministan kasar, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da sauran wasu jiga-jigan mutane a kasar. Janar Aguiyi Ironsi dan kabilar Ibo ne ya amshe jagorancin kasa, bayan kashe shugabanninta a shekarar 1966 da sunan juyin mulki.
Ba tare da nausawa daji ba, babban abin da ya kamata mu mayar da hankali a kai shi ne, mu fahimci sabubban da ke bayuwa zuwa ga afkuwar irin wadannan juye-juyen mulki a wannan nahiya tamu ta Afirka, a daya hannun kuma, gano dalilan da zai sanya a kauce musu, na da gayar muhimmanci. Sai dai, mu sani cewa; rashin daukar matakan kaucewa faruwar Juyin Mulkin, to fa tamkar guzurin tad-da shi ne, ko mun sani ko ba mu sani ba, musamman shugabanni, wadanda su ne ake tankwabe wani abu da suka fi kauna sama da komai cikin rayuwar duniya daga hannayensu, a halin suna numfashi ko akasin haka. Da farko ma tukuna, me ake nufi da juyin mulki?.
Ma’anar Juyin Mulki:
Ko mutum bai je makaranta ba, zai kai ga fahimtar juyin mulki na nufin tankwabar ko barar da gwamnati mai-ci ne, sawa’un, ta soja ce ko ta farar-hula. Ko a ilmance ma haka batun yake, wala’alla sai dan wasu karin bayani da za a iya samu. Ga wasu daga fassarorin masana game da hakikanin irin yadda za a kalli, ko fassara “juyin mulki” da; “wasu tsirarin mutane cikin gwamnati, su kifar da gwamnati mai-ci babu zato babu tsammani, a sau da yawan lokuta juyin mulkin kan afku ne cikin yanayi na gumurzu, kuma sau da yawa za a ga sojoji ne ke yin juyin tare da maye-gurbin manyan jagororin gwamnatin (da aka kifar) da wasu mutane na daban” (Decalo, 1990). A wata fassarar an ce, juyin mulki na nufin, “wani yunkuri ne karara da ya saba da tsarin mulkin kasa, wanda sojoji ko wasu manyan mutane cikin gwamnati ke yi na kifar da gwamnati mai-ci” (Powell & Thyne, 2011).
Rabe-raben Juyin Mulki:
Da yawan masana da masharhanta sun kasa juyin mulki zuwa gida hudu tare da gabatar da bayanansu daya bayan daya. Ga su kamar haka;
1- Kilasik Kuu “Classic Coup”.
2- Fales Kuu “Palace Coup”.
3- Kawunta Kuu “Counter Coup”, da kuma
4- Sibil-Militiri Kuu “Cibil-Military Coup”.
Akwai bukatar dan yin karin haske game da wadannan mabanbantan nau’o’i na juyin mulki hudu da aka lasafto:
Kilasik Kuu “Classic Coup
Yayin da sojoji suka game-baki tare da hambarar da wata gwamnati mai-ci, shi ake kira da Kilasik Kuu. Misali, a nan Nijeriya cikin shekarar 1983, inda sojojin wannan kasa suka hade-baki suka kifar da gwamnatin marigayi Alhaji Shehu Shagari, suka maye-gurbinsa da marigayi Janar Muhammadu Buhari.
Fales Kuu “Palace Coup
Yayin da wani sashe na jagororin mulki a kasa, suka tsige shugaban kasa ba tare da sun yi ittifaki da daukacin sojin kasar ba (face wasu tsirari daga cikinsu), shi ake kira Fales Kuu. Irin nau’in wannan juyin mulki, an yi shi a Kasar Mauritania, cikin shekarar 2008.
Kawunta Kuu “Counter Coup
Yayin da wasu suka yi juyin mulki, sai kuma wasu mutane daban suka sake yin wani juyin mulkin, don kalubalantar juyin mulkin farko, shi ake kira da Kawunta Kuu. Misali, bayan juyin mulkin da su Ironsi suka yi a Nijeriya cikin shekarar 1966, bayan wata shida kacal, sai wasu daga sojojin kasar suka hambarar da gwamnatin ta Aguiyi Ironsi.
Sibil-Militiri Kuu “Cibil-Military Coup
Yayin da sojoji da wasu daga cikin jama’ar gari ko ‘yan siyasa a kasa suka hade-baki wajen kifar da wata gwamnati mai-ci, shi ake kira da Sibil-Militiri Kuu. Irin wannan juyin mulki ne ya afku a Kasar Ghana cikin shekarar 1981, inda Jerry Rawlings ya hada-kai da wasu mutanen gari suka yi wa gwamnatin lokacin juyin mulki.
Sai dai, masana da sauran masharhanta na fadin cewa, yawancin juyin mulki na samar da canjin shugabanci ne kawai nan da nan, amma sai ya gadar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na tsawon lokaci a kasa. Ko a nan gida Nijeriya, za a ga cewa; tunanin da kabilar Ibo ke yi a yau cewa; an kange su ga barin samun damar shugabancin wannan kasa, na da alaka ta kud-da-kud da juyin mulki na farko da aka yi a kasar, shekara 51 da suka gabata, wanda sojoji “yan kabilar ta Ibo suka jagoranta. Bugu da kari, ana kallon juyin mulki da wata guguwa da ke barar da tsarin mulkin dimukradiyya, tare da yin silar samar da yanayi na take hakkin Dan’adam a kasa. Sannan, juyin mulkin, kan raunana karfin iko, ko ‘yancin gudanar da ayyukan da wasu hukumomi ke da shi, misali, bangaren shari’a. Juyin mulkin, kan jaza ci gaba da afkuwar wasu juyin mulkin a kasa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Cikin lokuta da dama, za a ga jagororin juyin mulkin, na da’awar dawo da doka da oda ne a kasa tare da nuna cewa; za su zo da nagartattun tsare-tsare, don ciyar da kasa gaba, amma a karshen lamari, irin wadancan alkawura ba kasafai suke cikuwa ba.
Akwai ci gaba a mako na gaba inshaAllah.
