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Yawaitar Al’umma: Martanin Karl Marx Ga Rabaran Malthus

by Sulaiman Bala Idris
10 months ago
in Zamantakewa
0
karl marx
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Babu tantama, kowa ma ya yarda, ba kawai a da’irar ilmi ba hatta a kwakwalwar jahilai; abubuwa uku ne kadai ke iya tasiri ga raguwa ko karuwar yawaitar al’umma. Wadannan abubuwa su ne MUTUWA, HAIHUWA da kuma HIJIRA.

Saboda alakar wadannan abubuwa uku da rayuwar dan Adam da kuma matsugunin al’umma ne ya sa masana Kimiyyar Zamantakewa da Halayyar Dan Adam suka mayar da hankali matuka don yin nazari, bincike da samar da mafita.
Sashi ne na musamman a makarantar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ‘Sociology’ aka ware wanda ake kira da ‘DEMOGRAPHY’. Kamar yadda saboda a fahimci barna da sindarin dakile ta muke da sashen ‘Criminology’, haka don a iya karantar dabi’a da duk wani motsin mutum akwai sashen ‘Social Psychology’, don ankarar da likita da malaman asibiti yadda ya kamata su tafiyar da mara lafiya a ke da sashen ‘Medical Sociology’. Domin nazarin yanayin al’adu da tasirinsu kuma akwai sashen ‘Anthropology’, da dai wasu sassa masu yawan gaske.

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An jima a na musayan ra’ayi dangane da kayyade yawan al’umma, tun shekaru masu yawa a baya, a lokutan da manyan maluman falsafa irinsu Plato da Aristotle da Ibn Khaldun (Al-Mukaddimah) suka fadi ra’ayoyinsu.

Shekaru 360 kafin zuwan Annabi Isah (AS), Plato a cikin littafinshi mai suna ‘The Laws’ ya ce, yawan al’umma a gari (muhalli) bai dace ya wuce adadin mutum 5,040 (dubu biyar da arba’in) ba. Ya ci gaba da cewa idan yawan mutane a gari ya kai wannan adadin, wajibi ne a rika kashe sabbin haihuwa (Jarirai).

Bayan Plato sai kuma masani Aristotle shi ma ya zo da ta shi fahimtar, a shekara 340 kafin zuwan Annabi Isah (AS). A tunani irin Aristotle, yawaitar al’umma ba ta da wani alfanu, don haka hakki ne da ya rataya kan gwamnati ta kayyade yawan iyalin da mutum zai iya haifa. Idan matar mutum ta samu juna biyu (ciki) bayan sun kai adadin da gwamnati ta shardanta, ba su da wata mafita, in ji Aristotle, da ya wuce a zubar da cikin.

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Shi kuwa masani Abdurrahman Ibn Khaldun wanda aka haifa a ranar 27 ga watan Mayun 1332 ya na daga cikin wadanda ke goyon bayan yawaitar al’umma. Ibn Khaldun ya ce, rashin tunani da hangen nesa ne ma mutum ya yi da’awar kin jinin yawaitar al’umma, saboda duk inda aka samu yawaitar al’umma ana samun yawaitar taimakekeniya da ayyuka na musamman. Za a samu kwararru a fannoni daban daban, wanda hakan zai kawo ci gaba.

Wadannan ‘yan misalan sun nuna mana cewa ashe an jima a tarihin duniya ana fafata takaddama dangane da yawaitar mutane a cikin al’umma. Wani Masani mai suna Rabaran Thomas Malthus wanda aka haife shi a shekarar 1766 a kasar Scotland, amma kusan karatunshi duk a kasar Ingila ya yi.

A shekarar 1798 ya fidda nashi ra’ayin dangane da wannan tattaunawa a littafinsa mai suna ‘First Essay on Population’, inda a ciki ya kawo wasu abubuwa guda biyu. Na farko ya ce, mutane a duniya suna bukatar abinci domin su rayu. Na biyu kuma, dabi’a ce ta dan Adam haihuwa (kowa na son ya haihu).

Malthus ya ci gaba da karin bayani da cewa matukar ba a samar da wata hanyar yin garanbawul ga wannan yawaitar haihuwar na mutane ba, toh lallai akwai barazanar tulin matsaloli. A nazarinshi, muddin aka ci gaba da haihuwa barkatai, watan watarana yawan mutane zai fi karfin abincin da ake iya samarwa. Kuma duk ranar da yawan mutane ya rinjayi na abincin da su ke iya samarwa, za a fada wa ukubar yunwa, masifa, talauci da cututtuka.

A nan Malthus ya na kokarin nuna mana cewa idan har al’umma ba ta bi hanyoyin kiyaye yawaitar mutane ba, yawaitar mutanen zai nemarwa kanshi mafita, kuma mafitar ita ce ta hanyar wanzar da mugun talauci.

Amma, in ji Malthus; idan al’umma ta bi hanyar da ya kira ‘Prebentibe checks’, to za a tsallakewa matsalar yunwa da wanzuwar talauci. Wannan hanyoyin sun hada da: Jinkirin aure, da kauracewa mata na wani lokaci wanda a harshen turanci ake kira da ‘Permanent Celivacy’.
Idan a al’adar al’umma ana kulla sabon aure ne ga wadanda suka kai shekaru 15, sai Malthus ya ce, saboda kiyayewa sai a mutum ya shekara 30 sannan zai yi auren farko. Haka nan kuma kar a yarda mutum ya yi aure har sai an tabbatar da cewa ya gina kanshi ta yadda zai iya ciyar da iyalin ya kuma dauki dawainiyar gidan yadda ya kamata don gudun talauci.

A wurin Rabaran Thomas Malthus, haramun ne yin amfani da magunguna ko matakan jinkirta haihuwa. A maimakon haka gwamma ka jinkirta yin auren, saboda magungunan hana haihuwa a wurinshi sun sabawa da’a da ka’idar addini.

A karshe ya kamata a gane cewa shi a wurin Malthus, duk wani rikici talaka ne ke janyowa kanshi, saboda shi ne baya yin aiki tukuru don samar da abinci, sai dai aukin haihuwa da tara iyali.

Masana irinsu Dabis da sauransu sun yi dirar mikiya a kan ra’ayin Malthus. Dabis ya ce a wannan nazari na Malthus ya yi kwan-gaba, kwan-baya. Ya zarge shi da cewa, me ya hana shi tsayawa wuri daya; da farko ya fara dora nazarin a mizanin kimiyya wurin gano irin matsalolin da za a iya fuskanta matukar a ka ci gaba da haihuwar barkatai, daga karshe kuma wurin samar da mafita sai ya shigo da matakan kiyayewa ta fuskar addini.

A nan ana kalubalantar Malthus ne a kan me ya hana shi ya samar da mafitar matsalar a kimiyyance?
Akwai wasu mabambantan martanoni ga wannan ra’ayi na masani Malthus, kuma dukkan martanin sun sha bamban da wanda Karl Marx (1818 zuwa 1883) ya yi, tare da hadin gwiwar masani Friedrich Engels.

Karl Marx da Engels ba wai sun fitar da wani nazari na musamman bane dangane da yawaitar al’umma, a’a, sun dora ne a kan wanda Matlhus ya yi, ta hanyar caccakar alakanta talauci ga rashin hobbasan talakawa (sakaci) da masanin yayi. Haka kuma Marx sun ce atafau ba gaskiya ba ne a ce wai idan aka samu yawaitar al’umma za a samu barazanar talauci.

Ra’ayinsu shi ne, idan a ka samu yawaitar al’umma ne ma za a samu habbakar masana’antu da kasuwanci don ci gaba mai amfani.

Ra’ayin Marx shi ne, misali a Nijeriya, ai kuskure ne mutum ya ce, mana wai yawan haihuwa ne ya janyo yawan talakawa da talaucin da a ke fama da shi. Saboda kasar Nijeriya na da arziki mai dimbin yawa; sai kuma ga shi Malthus ya tafi akan cewa; “Saboda karancin kasar noma, mutane ba za su iya samar da abinci me yawa wanda zai magance talauci ba, don haka a rage haihuwa kawai..”

A nan za mu iya cewa tabbas Nijeriya kadai ta isa ta nuna gazawar nazarin Malthus, saboda akwai wadatacciyar kasar noma, ga ruwan sama na sauka gunin ban sha’awa.

Don haka ba mu da karancin kasar noma. Watakila Karl Marx, ya na da amsar da zai bayar. Bari mu ji…
“Shi talauci babu wani abu da ke janyo shi sai tsabar danniya, wariya da mugun halin ‘yan jari hujja. Azzalumin salon da ‘yan jari hujja ke bi wurin sarrafa masana’antu ne ya haifar da talauci da yawan talakawa. Don sune ke rike da iko, kuma da yawan mutane ba su da aiki, kalilan ke da aikin.

Saboda ganin cewa akwai dubun dubatan mutane wadanda basu da aikin yi, sai su rika tauye hakkin ma’aikata, karancin albashi, wahalarwa, da sauransu.

Duk wanda ya nuna damuwarshi dangane da albashi ko tsarin masana’antarsu, sai a kore shi a dauki sabon ma’aikaci.” In ji Karl Marx
Idan za a samar da masana’antu wadanda za a a ba ‘yan kasa ayyukan da suka dace, sannan a rika biyansu albashin da ya dace ba tare da cuta da cutarwa ba, da cikin kankanin lokaci za a ga yadda za a fatattaki talauci.

Don haka idan abin mu kwatanta ne, sai mu ce a kasar Chana akwai yawaitar al’umma, amma wannan yawan bai kawo mugun talauci, yunwa da fatara kamar yadda ake da shi a Kasar Nijar ba, wacce ba wani yawan al’umma suke dasu ba. Da wannan misalin ma Malthus da ra’ayinshi na yawan mutane ne ke haifar da talauci ya yi fawul.

Sai ka ga mutum don ya mallaki kudi, ya mallaki jari, ya na hura hanci ya na wulakanci; a wurin Karl Marx wannan girman kai da raina mutane, da yi wa mutane kallon banza don an dankara musu talauci da karfin tsiya shi ne babban matsala, ba wai haihuwa da yawan mutane ba.

Mafita a wurin Karl Marx ita ce a rusa wannan tsarin na girman kai, ji – ji da kai da ‘yan jari hujja su ka doru a kai. A sauke musu wannan girman kan da tinkaho ta hanyar yakar muguwar akidarsu, talakawa su hada kai, su gane ainihin matsalarsu, su rabu da kangin bauta.

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